Nation Definition Oxford Dictionary

It is a reliable English translation of Herder`s writings from the second half of the 18th century. Herder argued that “nature uplifts families; The most natural state is therefore also a people of a national character. Over the millennia, this national character is preserved within a people and can be developed more naturally if its native prince so wishes, for a people is as much a plant of nature as a family, but with more branches” (p. 128). He is considered one of the fathers of romantic nationalism. Congress is now 92% Christian and resembles a papal enclave rather than our religiously diverse nation. Laitin defines the nation as a population with a coordinated set of beliefs about its cultural identities whose representatives claim ownership of a state through this coordination, either through separation, fusion, or return. The advantages of coordination explain the rigidity of these national identities. As a nation, we have become accustomed to a national death toll that has only recently fallen below a thousand people per day. Hechter defines nations as “territorially concentrated ethnic groups” (p.

14). It focuses on the transition from indirect to direct government and identifies different types of nationalism: state-building nationalism, peripheral nationalism, irredentist nationalism, unification nationalism, and patriotism. Following Hechter, following Gellner, defines nationalism as “collective action aimed at making the boundaries of the nation congruent with those of its unity of government” (p. 15). He undertook a violent attack against the nation of his enemies, and on the descent he destroyed the adversaries. Smith immersed himself in Gellner`s claim that “any old scrap metal and patch would suffice” to build a nation. Rather, Smith emphasizes the importance of ethnic roots in the formation of nations. He criticizes the emphasis on the exclusively modern quality of nations, arguing that most nations have pre-modern origins in the form of long-standing cultural symbols that are building blocks of modern nation-building. The concept of nation-building cannot be understood without the help of certain key concepts such as nation, national identity, nation-state and nationalism. The term “nation” has been defined by several philosophers, scholars and practitioners.

These definitions range from essentialist definitions, which reify certain characteristics as purely national (Herder 2004, Fichte 2008), to more constructivist definitions that emphasize collective attribution as a key element of a nation`s existence (Renan 1995, Anderson 1983). There is a tension between scholars who see the emergence of modern nations as a natural result of centuries of development and those who see national identity as a modern social construct. Of course, most nationalists themselves adopt a primordialist understanding of nationality, but prominent scholars also point to the ethnic origins of modern nations (Smith 1986). Specialists in modernization (Gellner 2006, Anderson 1983) and later various constructivist currents (Laitin 2007, Brubaker 1996) have emphasized the limits of the primordialist vision. The idea that nations are the natural consequence of pre-modern ethnicities often assumes phenotypic commonalities that do not correspond to local realities. Moreover, constructivists echo Renan`s critique that common ethnic attributes do not necessarily imply a common national identity or imply anything about loyalty to a nation. Finally, a primordialist perspective that essentializes attributes cannot help us explain the change of identity (Laitin 2007) or the moment of “national awakenings”. Regardless of the definition of nation and debates about the origins of nationalism, most scholars agree that nationalism—the “political principle that political and national unity should be congruent” (Gellner 2006, see p. 1)—is one of the most powerful ideologies of modern times.

What distinguishes an ethnic group from a stateless national group is the fact that the former is not motivated by a nationalist ideology, namely the belief that the world is divided into national units (“nation-states”), that primary loyalty should be to the nation and not to the family, kinship group or any other local or supranational entity. accompanied by a claim of sovereignty over a territorially limited homeland. Nationalism takes different forms, depending on the current position of the group claiming sovereignty over other groups (Hechter 2000). A downtown federal prison now has one of the highest numbers of active cases in any federal prison in the country. Gourges equipped three ships and 150 soldiers at his own expense to avenge their deaths and restore the honor of his nation. Television stations interrupt their broadcasts to bring the nation directly to Selma. And besides, as a nation, we take this truth for granted: resolutions are made to be broken. This is an English translation of a lecture Renan gave at the Sorbonne University in 1882. It presents one of the first coherent and thorough criticisms of the romantic nationalist vision. Renan reviews the markers most commonly used to define nations in Europe, such as race, dynasty, language, religion, and geography, and discusses their boundaries. For Renan, “the existence of a nation is a daily plebiscite” (p. 154).

They carved a refuge in the desert and then built it to make it the most powerful nation on the planet in 200 years. My son,” Grabantak said to Chingatok one evening, “if we want to live in peace from now on, why don`t we unite and become one nation? He couldn`t say what I meant by state secrets when an enemy or a rival nation was not in the business. Nation-building can be defined as the process by which the borders of the modern state and those of the national community become congruent. The desired outcome is national integration (reference works: concepts and definitions). The biggest gap in the literature focuses on the causal path to national integration. Thus, nation-building has been theorized as a structural process closely linked to industrialization, urbanization, social mobilization, etc. (structural explanations); as a result of a deliberate state policy aimed at homogenizing a state along a particular constitutive history – which can and often changes over time and under certain conditions (state-planned policies); as a product of top-bottom processes that could emanate from forces outside the boundaries of the respective state; and as a product of bottom-up processes that do not require government intervention (contingency, event, and demonstration effects). Since the emergence of nationalism as the dominant ideology for the legitimacy of authority and as a model of the nation-state as the organizing principle of the international system, state elites have pursued different policies towards the various unassimilated groups within their territorial boundaries (seminal case studies) with different consequences (nation-building and its consequences). Therefore, the researchers suggested that each state`s nation-building experience – or lack thereof – had an impact on state-building and social order patterns, self-determination movements, the outbreak of war, and the provision of public goods. Their decisions will almost inevitably make the nation even more divided, with the worst off relegated to a nightmarish future where they will be left to fend for themselves. Fichte (1808) defined the nation by objective criteria such as common attributes. For Fichte, language is a natural phenomenon.

In fact, the possession of a common language defines the natural boundaries of a people or nation. Fichte`s writings were written in response to the occupation of German territories by Napoleon`s troops. Brubaker`s theme is the nationalization of the political sphere. It emphasizes the dynamic interaction in the triadic bond between national minorities, nationalizing states and external national homelands. The three entities are far from static, according to Brubaker, who urges us to stop treating the “nation” as a unit and to consider it as an “institutionalized form.” If Congress accurately reflected our nation on the basis of race, about 63 percent would be white, not 80 percent. For the first time in his experience, Corsica had to face the forces of a nation, not a government. This groundbreaking book was originally published in 1983. Gellner defined nationalism as “primarily a political principle asserting that political unity and national unity must be congruent” (p.

1). He stressed the role of industrialization in the emergence and spread of nationalism through the introduction of mass education and assimilation into high culture. The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd edition) defines the nation-state as “an independent political state formed by a people who share a common national identity (historical, cultural or ethnic); (more generally), any independent political state. Overall, the United States currently ranks 11th in the world and fifth among developed countries in terms of deaths from Covid-19.